The 2013 Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Memorandum, entitled Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research, requires U.S. Government agencies with annual extramural research and development expenditures over $100 million to make the results of taxpayer-funded research - both research articles and research data - freely available to the general public. Some private foundations are also establishing open access policies that are similar to public access mandates.