Executive Orders
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Office of the Federal Register
"After the President signs an Executive order, the White House sends it to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR).
The OFR numbers each order consecutively as part of a series and publishes it in the daily Federal Register shortly after receipt."
When searching the Federal Register:
- Know the year the executive order was made
An Act of Congress
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Congress.gov
Congress.gov is the official website for U.S. federal legislative information. The site provides access to legislative information for Members of Congress, legislative agencies, and the public.
When searching Congress.gov:
- If using the search box, make sure to change the drop down menu to All Legislation
- Note the filters on the left side of the screen after you search. Of likely importance to you are Congress and Status of Legislation (Became Law).
- The search algorithm isn't the best here. Even when I search for an exact bill number "S.2803" and limit to "Became Law" it's still 32 results! Be diligent in looking thorough things, and Control F is your friend.
- If you click on the bill number you'll get lots of information that may be useful: summary, text, actions, titles, amendments, cosponsors, committees, and related bills.
Note that this resource is most reliable for legislation from 1973-present. For legislation older than 1973, coverage is more spotty in Congress.gov. There may be information available (select more options under the search bar and click historical under Congress years), but you may need to search Google and find a reputable source (probably still governmental) that has the text of the legislation.
Approach
Use these steps to approach your research for class assignments.
- Identify a policy and the problem it solves
- Consider the social indicators for that topic
- Brainstorm keywords for your search, either in concept mapping or lists
- Use those keywords to begin to look for resources that help explain those issues, the programs, and provide context.
Where to Look?
Things may be available for you in multiple places. Don't only look in one place! But broadly, the areas below may help you to begin.
For policies:
Congress, Office of the Federal Register
For social indicators:
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US Government sources like Bureau of Labor Statistics; Census Bureau; websites dedicated to federal agencies, bureaus and departments, e.g. Department of Labor, Department of Health and Human Services, Internal Revenue Service, the Federal Reserve Board, etc.
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Think tanks, across the ideological spectrum - Brookings Institution; The Urban Institute; Institute for Policy Studies; American Enterprise Institute; Heritage Foundation; etc.
For context resources:
- Databases like JSTOR and Academic Search Ultimate
- National newspapers like the New York Times or the Washington Post
- Broader books with chapters pertaining to your topic
Concept Mapping
Concept mapping is one way to get your thoughts in order to begin the process. Ask yourself: Who are the players involved? What issues do you need to be aware of? What do you already know and what larger things does this connect to?
Example from CUNY Guttman Community College
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Concept Map PlanningThis is a fillable worksheet to help you create key words and phrases that are more useful to your searches and develop your topic more.
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Blank Concept MapIf you want to have a space to begin your concept mapping, use this document as you work through the worksheet above.