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HHPF 502: Introduction to Research

Levels of Evidence

"The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) has separated the types of studies into categories designed to direct clinicians in answering clinically relevant questions. Knowledge of the level of evidence for each type of study helps clinicians determine the value of the results reported. The levels of evidence range from 1 to 5; Level 1 is the highest quality and Level 5 is the lowest."

Visualization of the Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine model

from: Medina, J.M., Mckeon, P.O. and Hertel, J. Rating the Levels of Evidence in Sports-Medicine Research. (2006). Athletic Therapy Today, 11, 5. pp.45-48

Using the CRAAP Method to Evaluate Information

Currency

  • When was the information published or posted?
  • Has the information been revised or updated?
  • Is the information current or out-of-date for your topic?

Relevance

  • Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question?
  • Who is the intended audience?
  • Is the information at an appropriate level (i.e. not too elementary or advanced for your needs)?
  • Have you looked at a variety of sources before determining this is one you will use? 
  • Would you be comfortable using this source within your research?

Authority

  • Who is the author/publisher/sponsor?
  • Are the author's credentials or organizational affiliations given?
    • What are those credentials or affiliations?
  • What are the author's qualifications to write on the topic?
  • Is there contact information, such as a publisher or email address?

Accuracy

  • Where does the information come from?
  • Is the information supported by evidence?
  • Has the information been reviewed or refereed?
  • Can you verify any of the information in another source or from personal knowledge?
  • Does the language or tone seem unbiased and free of emotion?

Purpose

  • What is the purpose of the information? to inform? teach? sell? entertain? persuade?
  • Do the authors/sponsors make their intentions or purpose clear?
  • Is the information fact? opinion? propaganda?
  • Does the point of view appear objective and impartial?
  • Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional, or personal biases?